SMBC

For women considering becoming a single mother by choice (SMBC), the emotional and practical questions often swirl together: Will my child be okay without a father figure? Will I be able to provide the same level of emotional support that two-parent families can? Am I taking a risk that might affect my future child’s mental health? These concerns are real and valid, and thankfully, one of the only long-term studies of SMBC families provides some solid ground to stand on.

In this article, we walk through the findings of a pair of peer-reviewed studies from the University of Cambridge, both led by Susan Golombok, PhD, and published in the Journal of Family Psychology. The initial study followed children at ages 4-6, and a follow-up was conducted when those same children were 8-10 years old. In both phases, researchers compared 51 families headed by SMBCs to 52 two-parent families, all of whom had conceived via donor insemination. The goal was to assess parenting quality, child wellbeing, and whether family structure itself predicts child outcomes.

We’ll cover what the research found across both time points—both the reassuring takeaways and the factors that deserve real consideration—so you can make a decision rooted in facts rather than fear. Topics include how parenting quality compares between family types, whether children of SMBCs showed any more emotional or behavioral challenges, and which factors really did matter when it came to child wellbeing.

SMBC parenting quality is similar, with fewer conflicts

In both the initial and follow-up studies, researchers found no meaningful differences in positive parenting behaviors between SMBCs and partnered mothers. They evaluated warmth, responsiveness, and engagement through structured interviews and a standardized parent-child activity. Mothers across both groups showed similar levels of emotional availability and interaction.

Interestingly, in both studies, solo mothers reported fewer mother–child conflicts than partnered mothers. Specifically, they had fewer day-to-day disagreements or “battles” with their children. The researchers didn’t assign a definitive cause, but it’s possible that mothers who intentionally choose solo parenthood may bring a different mindset to family life—one that’s less burdened by unresolved fertility stress or partner dynamics.

No added psychological risks for children of SMBCs

At both developmental stages, children in SMBC families were just as well-adjusted as those in two-parent households. This conclusion came from multiple sources: mother and teacher questionnaires, standardized behavioral assessments, and psychiatric ratings conducted blind to family structure. Rates of issues like anxiety, conduct problems, or attention difficulties were similar—and in many cases low—across both groups.

In the follow-up study with older children, these findings remained consistent. As the children entered middle childhood—a phase when school pressure and peer interactions become more complex—there was no uptick in behavioral or emotional issues among the kids raised by SMBCs.

What did matter? Across both studies, the most reliable predictors of child behavioral challenges were:

• Financial hardship
• Parenting stress
• Child gender (boys were more likely to show difficulties than girls)

These factors mattered far more than whether the child was raised by one parent or two.

What to take away if you're considering SMBC

Together, these two studies offer one of the strongest research snapshots available of SMBC families across early and middle childhood. While they don’t follow the children into adolescence (yet), they do strongly challenge the assumption that children need two parents to thrive emotionally and behaviorally.

Here’s what the studies found:

• SMBCs parented just as warmly and responsively as partnered mothers
• Children in SMBC families were no more likely to have behavioral or emotional issues
• Solo mothers reported fewer day-to-day conflicts with their children
• Financial and parenting stress—not solo parenthood—were the strongest predictors of adjustment issues
• All children in the studies were genetically related to their mothers; egg donation cases were excluded

This research won’t answer every question, but it provides a well-supported foundation for your decision-making. The findings suggest that what matters most isn’t whether your child has two parents—but whether they feel loved, secure, and supported.

A final note

Choosing to become a parent is not a decision made lightly, whether single or partnered. It often comes after years of reflection, planning, and resilience. While no study can predict your exact experience, this research offers meaningful reassurance that your child’s wellbeing will be shaped far more by the care you provide than by the presence or absence of a second parent.

Your path may look unique, but it can still offer the warmth, structure, and connection every child needs. If you’re in a place where you feel ready to provide that kind of foundation—know that you’re not alone, and that there’s growing evidence that your family can thrive.

We wish you the very best.

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